How many valence electrons does titanium(Ti) have?

Titanium is a transition element. Therefore, the valence electrons of titanium are determined differently. The last orbit of a titanium atom has two electrons but its valence electrons are not two. This article discusses in detail the valence electrons of titanium. Hopefully, after reading this article you will know in detail about this.

How many protons, electrons and neutrons does a titanium atom have?

The nucleus is located in the center of the atom. Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus. The atomic number of titanium is 22. The atomic number is the number of protons. That is, the number of protons in titanium is 22. Electrons equal to protons are located in a circular shell outside the nucleus. That is, a titanium(Ti) atom has a total of twenty-two electrons.

The number of neutrons in an element is obtained from the difference between the number of atomic masses and the number of atoms. That is, neutron number (n) = atomic mass number (A) – atomic number (Z)

We know that the atomic number of titanium is 22 and the atomic mass number is about 48(47.867u). Neutron (n) = 48 – 22 = 26. Therefore, the number of neutrons in titanium is 26.

What are the valence electrons of titanium(Ti)?

The 1st element in group-4 is titanium. The elements in groups 3-12 are called transition elements. The valence electrons are the total number of electrons in the last orbit. But in the case of transition elements, the valence electrons remain in the inner shell(orbit). Because the electron configuration of titanium(Ti) shows that the last electrons enter the d-orbital. The valence electrons determine the properties of the element and participate in the formation of bonds.

How do you calculate the number of valence electrons in a titanium(Ti) atom?

The valence electrons have to be determined by following a few steps. The electron configuration is one of them. It is not possible to determine the valence electron without electron configuration. Knowing the electron configuration in the right way, it is very easy to determine the valence electrons of all elements. The valence electrons of the transition element cannot be determined according to Bohr’s atomic model. Because the valence electrons of the transition elements are located in the inner shell. However, the valence electron of the transition element can be easily determined according to the Aufbau principle. Now we will learn how to determine the valence electron of titanium(Ti).

Step-1: Determining the total number of electrons in titanium

1st we need to know the total number of electrons in the titanium atom. To know the number of electrons, you need to know the number of protons in titanium. And to know the number of protons, you need to know the atomic number of the titanium element. To know the atomic number we need to take the help of a periodic table. It is necessary to know the atomic number of titanium(Ti) elements from the periodic table. The atomic number is the number of protons. And electrons equal to protons are located outside the nucleus.

That is, we can finally say that there are electrons equal to the atomic number in the titanium atom. From the periodic table, we see that the atomic number of titanium(Ti) is 22. That is, the titanium atom has a total of twenty-two electrons.

Step-2: Need to do electron configuration of titanium

Step 2 is very important. In this step, the electrons of titanium(Ti) have to be arranged. The electron configuration of titanium shows that the first shell of titanium has two electrons, the second shell has eight electrons, the 3rd shell has ten electrons and the 4th shell has two electrons. The electron configuration of titanium through the sub-orbit is 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d² 4s².

Step-3: Determine the valence shell and calculate total electrons

The third step is to diagnose the valence shell(orbit). The last shell after the electron configuration is called the valence shell. The total number of electrons in a valence shell is called valence electrons. But the valence electrons of the transition elements are located in the inner orbit. For the transition element, the valence electrons have to be determined by adding the total electrons of the d-orbital to the electrons in the last orbit of the atom. The electron configuration of titanium shows that the last shell of titanium has two electrons and the d-orbital has a total of two electrons(3d²). Therefore, the valence electrons of titanium are four.

What is the valency of titanium?

The ability of one atom of an element to join another atom during the formation of a molecule is called valency(valence). There are some rules for diagnosing valency. The number of electrons in an unpaired state in the last orbital after the electron configuration of an atom is called the valency of that element. Ground state electron configuration of titanium is 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d_xy¹ 3d_yz¹ 4s². This electron configuration shows that the last shell of the titanium atom has two unpaired electrons. So the valency of titanium is 2.

When a titanium atom is excited, then the titanium atom absorbs energy. As a result, an electron in the 4s orbital jumps to the 4px sub-orbital. Therefore, the electron configuration of titanium(Ti*) in excited state will be 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d_xy¹ 3d_yz¹ 4s¹ 4p_x¹. Here, titanium has four unpaired electrons. Therefore, the valency of titanium is 4.

How many valence electrons does titanium ion(Ti⁴⁺) have?

The elements that have 1, 2, or 3 electrons in the last shell donate the electrons in the last shell during bond formation. The elements that form bonds by donating electrons are called cation. The titanium atom donates two electrons in 4s orbital and two electrons in 3d orbital to convert to titanium ion(Ti⁴⁺). Therefore titanium is a cation element.

Ti – 4e^– → Ti⁴⁺

The electron configuration of this titanium ion(Ti⁴⁺) is 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶. This electron configuration shows that the titanium ion has three shells and the last shell has eight electrons. This electron configuration shows that the titanium ion(Ti⁴⁺) has acquired the electron configuration of argon and it achieves an octave full stable electron configuration. That is, in this case, the valency of the titanium ion(Ti⁴⁺) is +4. Since the last shell of a titanium ion has eight electrons, the valence electrons of titanium ion(Ti⁴⁺) are eight.