Bromine(Br) electron configuration and orbital diagram
Bromine is the 35th element in the periodic table and its symbol is ‘Br’. Bromine is a classified halogen element. The total number of electrons in bromine is thirty-five. These electrons are arranged according to specific rules of different orbits. The arrangement of electrons in different orbits and orbitals of an atom in a certain order is called electron configuration. The electron configuration of bromine(Br) atom can be done in two ways.
- Electron configuration through orbit (Bohr principle)
- Electron configuration through orbital (Aufbau principle)
Electron configuration through orbitals follows different principles. For example Aufbau principle, Hund’s principle, and Pauli’s exclusion principle. This article gives an idea about the orbital diagram, period and group, valency and valence electrons of bromine, bond formation, compound formation, and application of different principles. Hopefully, after reading this article you will know in detail about this.
Table of Contents
Bromine atom electron configuration through orbit
Scientist Niels Bohr was the first to give an idea of the atom’s orbit. He provided a model of the atom in 1913. The complete idea of the orbit is given there. The electrons of the atom revolve around the nucleus in a certain circular path. These circular paths are called orbit(shell). These orbits are expressed by n. [n = 1,2,3,4 . . . The serial number of the orbit]
K is the name of the first orbit, L is the second, M is the third, N is the name of the fourth orbit. The electron holding capacity of each orbit is 2n2.
For example,
- n = 1 for K orbit.
The electron holding capacity of K orbit is 2n2 = 2 × 12 = 2 electrons. - For L orbit, n = 2.
The electron holding capacity of the L orbit is 2n2 = 2 × 22 = 8 electrons. - n=3 for M orbit.
The maximum electron holding capacity in M orbit is 2n2 = 2 × 32 = 18 electrons. - n=4 for N orbit.
The maximum electron holding capacity in N orbit is 2n2 = 2 × 42 = 32 electrons.
Therefore, the maximum electron holding capacity in the first shell is two, the second shell is eight and the 3rd shell can have a maximum of eighteen electrons. The atomic number is the number of electrons in that element. The atomic number of bromine is 35. That is, the number of electrons in bromine is thirty-five.
Therefore, the bromine atom will have two electrons in the first shell, eight in the 2nd orbit, eighteen electrons in the 3rd shell, and the remaining seven electrons will be in the fourth shell. Therefore, the order of the number of electrons in each shell of the bromine(Br) atom is 2, 8, 18, 7.
Electrons can be arranged correctly through orbits from elements 1 to 18. The electron configuration of an element with an atomic number greater than 18 cannot be properly determined according to the Bohr atomic model. The electron configuration of all the elements can be done through the orbital diagram.
Electron configuration of bromine through orbital
Atomic energy levels are subdivided into sub-energy levels. These sub-energy levels are called orbital. The sub energy levels are expressed by ‘l’. The value of ‘l’ is from 0 to (n – 1). The sub-energy levels are known as s, p, d, f. Determining the value of ‘l’ for different energy levels is-
- If n = 1,
(n – 1) = (1–1) = 0
Therefore, the orbital number of ‘l’ is 1; And the orbital is 1s. - If n = 2,
(n – 1) = (2–1) = 1.
Therefore, the orbital number of ‘l’ is 2; And the orbital is 2s, 2p. - If n = 3,
(n – 1) = (3–1) = 2.
Therefore, the orbital number of ‘l’ is 3; And the orbital is 3s, 3p, 3d. - If n = 4,
(n – 1) = (4–1) = 3
Therefore, the orbital number of ‘l’ is 4; And the orbital is 4s, 4p, 4d, 4f. - If n = 5,
(n – 1) = (n – 5) = 4.
Therefore, l = 0,1,2,3,4. The number of orbitals will be 5 but 4s, 4p, 4d, 4f in these four orbitals it is possible to arrange the electrons of all the elements of the periodic table. The electron holding capacity of these orbitals is s = 2, p = 6, d = 10 and f = 14. The German physicist Aufbau first proposed the idea of electron configuration through sub-orbits.
The Aufbau method is to do electron configuration through the sub-energy level. The Aufbau principle is that the electrons present in the atom will first complete the lowest energy orbital and then gradually continue to complete the higher energy orbital. These orbitals are named s, p, d, f. The Aufbau electron configuration method is 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d.
The first two electrons of bromine enter the 1s orbital. The s-orbital can have a maximum of two electrons. Therefore, the next two electrons enter the 2s orbital. The p-orbital can have a maximum of six electrons. So, the next six electrons enter the 2p orbital. The second orbit is now full. So, the remaining electrons will enter the third orbit.
Then two electrons will enter the 3s orbital and the next six electrons will be in the 3p orbital of the third orbit. The 3p orbital is now full. So, the next two electrons will enter the 4s orbital and ten electrons will enter the 3d orbital. The 3d orbital is now full. So, the remaining five electrons enter the 4p orbital. Therefore, the bromine(Br) electron configuration will be 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p5.
How to write the orbital diagram for bromine?
To create an orbital diagram of an atom, you first need to know Hund’s principle and Pauli’s exclusion principle. Hund’s principle is that electrons in different orbitals with the same energy would be positioned in such a way that they could be in the unpaired state of maximum number and the spin of the unpaired electrons will be one-way.
And Pauli’s exclusion principle is that the value of four quantum numbers of two electrons in an atom cannot be the same. To write the orbital diagram of bromine(Br), you have to do the electron configuration of bromine. Which has been discussed in detail above. 1s is the closest and lowest energy orbital to the nucleus. Therefore, the electron will first enter the 1s orbital.
According to Hund’s principle, the first electron will enter in the clockwise direction and the next electron will enter the 1s orbital in the anti-clockwise direction. The 1s orbital is now filled with two electrons. Then the next two electrons will enter the 2s orbital just like the 1s orbital.
The next three electrons will enter the 2p orbital in the clockwise direction and the next three electrons will enter the 2p orbital in the anti-clockwise direction. Then next two electrons will enter the 3s orbital just like the 1s orbital and then the next six electrons will enter the 3p orbital just like the 2p orbital.
The 3p orbital is now full. So, the next two electrons will enter the 4s orbital just like the 1s orbital. The 4s orbital is now full. Therefore, the next five electrons will enter the 3d orbital in the clockwise direction and the next five electrons will enter the 3d orbital in the anti-clockwise direction.
The 3d orbital is now full. so, the next three electrons will enter the 4p orbital in the clockwise direction and the remaining two electrons will enter the 4p orbital in the anti-clockwise direction. This is clearly shown in the figure of the orbital diagram of bromine.
Electron configuration of bromine in the excited state
Atoms can jump from one orbital to another orbital in the excited state. This is called quantum jump. The ground state electron configuration of bromine is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p5. In the bromine ground-state electron configuration, five electrons of the 4p orbital are located in the 4px(2), 4py(2) and 4pz sub-orbitals.
The p-orbital has three sub-orbitals. The sub-orbitals are px, py, and pz. Each sub-orbital can have a maximum of two electrons. Then the correct electron configuration of bromine in the ground state will be 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4px2 4py2 4pz1.
This electron configuration shows that the last shell of a bromine atom has an unpaired electron. So in this case, the valency of bromine is 1. When the bromine atom is excited, then the bromine atom absorbs energy. As a result, an electron in the 4py sub-orbital jumps to the 5s orbital.
Therefore, the electron configuration of bromine(Br*) in excited state will be 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4px2 4py1 4pz1 5s1. The valency of the element is determined by electron configuration in the excited state. Here, bromine has three unpaired electrons. So in this case, the valency of bromine is 3.
Bromide ion(Br–) electron configuration
The electron configuration of bromine shows that the last shell of bromine has seven electrons. Therefore, the valence electrons of bromine are seven. The elements that have 5, 6, or 7 electrons in the last shell receive the electrons in the last shell during bond formation.
The elements that receive electrons and form bonds are called anions. During the formation of a bond, the last shell of bromine receives an electron and turns into a bromide ion(Br–). That is, bromine is an anion element.
Br + e– → Br–
The electron configuration of bromide ion(Br–) is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6. The electron configuration of bromide ion(Br–) shows that the bromide ion acquired the electron configuration of krypton. Bromine atom exhibit -1, +1, +3, +5 oxidation states. The oxidation state of the element changes depending on the bond formation.
FAQ
What is the symbol for bromine?
Ans: The symbol for bromine is ‘Br’.
How many electrons does bromine have?
Ans: 35 electrons.
How do you write the electron configuration for bromine?
Ans: Bromine electron configuration is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p5.
How many valence electrons does bromine have?
Ans: Seven valence electrons.
What is the valency of bromine?
Ans: The valency of bromine is 1, 3, and 5.
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