How Many Protons, Neutrons and Electrons Does Thorium Have?
Thorium is a classified actinide element and its symbol is ‘Th’. Thorium is the 90th element of the periodic table so its atomic number is 90.
The atomic number of an element is equal to the number of protons and electrons in that element. Therefore, a thorium atom has ninety protons and ninety electrons. The number of neutrons in an atom can be determined by the difference between the atomic mass and the number of protons. The difference between the mass number of the thorium atom and the number of protons is one hundred forty-two. Therefore, a thorium atom has one hundred forty-two neutrons.
The number of neutrons depends on the isotope of the element. The thorium atom has no stable isotope. In this article, I have discussed how to easily find the number of neutrons, protons, and electrons in a thorium atom. I hope this will be helpful in your study.
| Element Name | Thorium |
| Symbol | Th |
| Atomic number | 90 |
| Atomic weight (average) | 232.04u |
| Protons | 90 |
| Neutrons | 142 |
| Electrons | 90 |
| Group | N/A |
| Period | 7 |
| Block | f-block |
| Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 10, 2 |
| Electron configuration | [Rn] 6d2 7s2 |
| Oxidation states | +4 |
Where are the electrons, protons and neutrons located in an atom?
An atom is the smallest particle of an element that has no independent existence but is directly involved in chemical reactions as the smallest unit. Atoms are so small particles that they cannot be seen even under a powerful microscope. The diameter of an atom of hydrogen is 0.1nm (1.0nm = 10-9m). So, if 1000 crore atoms of hydrogen are arranged side by side, it will be 1 meter long.
However, it has been possible to detect atoms by increasing the vision of a very powerful electron microscope by two million times. Numerous permanent and temporary particles exist in the atom. Electrons, protons, and neutrons are located in the atom as permanent particles. Also, neutrino, antineutrino, positron, and mason are located in an atom as temporary particles.
Atoms can usually be divided into two parts. One is the nucleus and the other is the orbit. Experiments by various scientists have shown that the nucleus of an atom contains protons and neutrons. The only exception is hydrogen, which has only protons in its nucleus but no neutrons. Electrons revolve around the nucleus in a specific orbit.
How to easily find the number of electrons, protons and neutrons in a thorium atom?
Scientist Henry Gwynn Jefferies Mosle examined the X-ray spectrum of various elements from 1913 to 1914. The results of his experiments show that each element has a unique integer equal to the number of positive charges in the nucleus of that element.
He called that number the order of the atoms. Thus, the number of positive charges present in the nucleus of an element is called the atomic number of that element. The atomic number of the element is expressed by ‘Z’. This number is equal to the serial number of the periodic table. We know that protons are located in the nucleus of an atom as a positive charge.
That is, the atomic number is the total number of protons. The atom is overall charge neutral. Therefore, the number of negatively charged electrons orbiting in its orbit is equal to the number of positively charged protons in the nucleus.
Atomic number (Z) = Number of charges in the nucleus (p)
How many protons does a thorium atom have?
Protons are the permanent core particles of an atom. It resides in the center or nucleus of the atom. When a hydrogen atom removes an electron from its orbit, the positively charged particle that remains is called a proton. Hence, the proton is expressed by H+.
The relative mass of protons is 1, which is approximately equal to the mass of hydrogen (1.00757 amu). However, the actual mass of the proton is 1.6726 × 10−27 kg. That is, the mass of a proton is approximately 1837 times greater than the mass of an electron. Proton is a positively charged particle. Its actual charge is +1.602 × 10−19 coulombs. The diameter of a proton particle is about 2.4 × 10−13 cm.
There are 118 elements in the periodic table and 90th of these elements is thorium. The elements in the periodic table are arranged according to their atomic number. Since thorium is the 90th element of the periodic table, the atomic number of thorium is 90. We must always remember that the atomic number and the number of protons of an element are equal. Therefore, a thorium atom contains ninety protons.
How many electrons does a thorium atom have?
Electrons are the permanent core particles of an atom. It resides in a specific orbit of the atom and revolves around the nucleus. The properties of the elements and their compounds depend on the electron configuration.
In 1897, scientist J. J. Thomson discovered the existence of electrons through cathode ray examination. The smallest of the permanent core particles of an atom is the electron. Its mass is about 1/1836 of the mass of a hydrogen atom.
The actual mass of the electron is 9.1085 × 10−28 g or 9.1093 × 10−31 kg. The mass of the electron is often ignored because this mass is too small. Electrons always provide a negative charge. It is expressed by e–. The charge of electrons is –1.609 × 10–19 coulombs and the relative charge is –1. That is, the charge of an electron is equal to that of a proton but the opposite.
We must also remember that an element’s number of protons and electrons is equal. Therefore, a thorium atom contains ninety electrons in its orbits.
How many neutrons does a thorium atom have?
Scientist Chadwick discovered neutrons in 1932. It is located in the nucleus at the center of the atom. The neutron is a charge-neutral particle and it is expressed by n. The charge of a neutron is zero and the relative charge is also zero. The mass of the neutron is 1.674 × 10−27 kg. The number of electrons and protons in an atom is the same but the number of neutrons differs.
We already know that the nucleus is at the center of the atom. There are two types of particles in the nucleus. One is a positively charged particle proton and the other is a charge-neutral particle neutron.
Almost all the mass of the atom is accumulated in the nucleus. Therefore, the mass of the nucleus is called atomic mass. The nucleus is made up of protons and neutrons. Therefore, atomic mass refers to the total mass of protons and neutrons.
Atomic mass (A) = Nucleus mass = Total mass of protons and neutrons (p + n)
Again, the mass of each proton and neutron is about 1amu. Therefore, the total number of protons and neutrons is called the atomic mass number. That is, the number of atomic mass(A) is = p + n
Thus, the number of neutrons in an element is obtained from the difference between the number of atomic masses and the number of atoms. That is, neutron number (n) = atomic mass number (A) – atomic number (Z)
| Mass number (A) | Atomic number (Z) | Neutron number = A – Z |
| 232 | 90 | 142 |
We know that the atomic number of thorium is 90 and the atomic average mass number is about 232. Neutron = 232 – 90 = 142. Therefore, a thorium atom has one hundred forty-two neutrons.
Based on the atomic number, mass number, and neutron number of the element, three things can be considered. These are isotope, isobar, and isotone. The number of neutrons depends on the isotope of the atom.
How to determine the number of neutrons through isotopes of thorium?
Atoms that have the same number of protons but different mass numbers are called isotopes of each other. The English chemist Frederick Sodi first came up with the idea of isotopes in 1912, and the scientist Aston in 1919 identified two different mass neon atoms (20Ne, 22Ne).
He named the atoms with different masses of the same element as isotopes of that element. The number of protons in an isotope atom does not change but the number of neutrons does. The thorium atom has a total of thirty-two isotopes.
| Isotope | Mass number (A) | Atomic number (Z) | Neutron number = A – Z |
| 207Th | unknown | 90 | 117 |
| 208Th | 208.01791 | 90 | 118 |
| 209Th | 209.01772 | 90 | 119 |
| 210Th | 210.015075 | 90 | 120 |
| 211Th | 211.01493 | 90 | 121 |
| 212Th | 212.01298 | 90 | 122 |
| 213Th | 213.01301 | 90 | 123 |
| 214Th | 214.011500 | 90 | 124 |
| 215Th | 215.011730 | 90 | 125 |
| 216Th | 216.011062 | 90 | 126 |
| 217Th | 217.013114 | 90 | 127 |
| 218Th | 218.013284 | 90 | 128 |
| 219Th | 219.01554 | 90 | 129 |
| 220Th | 220.015748 | 90 | 130 |
| 221Th | 221.018184 | 90 | 131 |
| 222Th | 222.018468 | 90 | 132 |
| 223Th | 223.020811 | 90 | 133 |
| 224Th | 224.021467 | 90 | 134 |
| 225Th | 225.023951 | 90 | 135 |
| 226Th | 226.024903 | 90 | 136 |
| 227Th | 227.0277041 | 90 | 137 |
| 228Th | 228.0287411 | 90 | 138 |
| 229Th | 229.031762 | 90 | 139 |
| 230Th | 230.0331338 | 90 | 140 |
| 231Th | 231.0363043 | 90 | 141 |
| 232Th | 232.0380553 | 90 | 142 |
| 233Th | 233.0415818 | 90 | 143 |
| 234Th | 234.043601 | 90 | 144 |
| 235Th | 235.04751 | 90 | 145 |
| 236Th | 236.04987 | 90 | 146 |
| 237Th | 237.05389 | 90 | 147 |
| 238Th | 238.0565 | 90 | 148 |
Of the 32 radioisotopes of thorium, the longest-lived radioisotope is thorium-232 with a half-life of 1.405×1010 years. The next longest-lived thorium isotope is thorium-230 with a half-life of 75400 years and thorium-229 with a half-life of 7917 years. The remaining isotopes of thorium are highly unstable and their half-lives are very short. All others are under a minute, most under a second.
How many protons, neutrons and electrons does a thorium ion(Th4+) have?
When an atom carries a negative or positive charge by accepting or rejecting electrons, it is called an ion. The ionic properties of the elements depend on the exchange of electrons. In an atomic ion only the number of electrons changes but the number of protons and neutrons does not change.
Thorium has only two electrons in its last orbit. During the formation of a bond, thorium donates two electrons of the last shell and two electrons in the 6d orbital to form bonds and turns into a thorium ion(Th4+). In this case, the thorium ion carries a positive charge.
Th – 4e– → Th4+
Here, the electron configuration of thorium ion is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 6s2 6p6. This thorium ion(Th4+) has ninety protons, one hundred forty-two neutrons, and eighty-six electrons.
| Thorium ion | Protons | Neutrons | Electrons |
| Th4+ | 90 | 142 | 86 |
What are the properties of protons neutrons and electrons?
| Name | Symbol | Relative Mass (amu) | Relative Charge | Actual Mass(kg) | Actual Charge(C) | Location |
| Proton | p | 1.00757 | +1 | 1.672×10−27 | 1.602×10−19 | Inside the nucleus |
| Neutron | n | 1.0089 | 0 | 1.674×10−27 | 0 | Inside the nucleus |
| Electron | e– | 5.488×10−4 | –1 | 9.109×10−31 | –1.6×10–19 | Outside the nucleus |
Why is it important for us to know the number of electrons and protons?
An atomic number is a number that carries the properties of an element. The number of electrons and protons in an element is determined by the atomic number. Also, the exact position of an element is determined in the periodic table. The properties of an element can be determined by electron configuration. Also, the valency, valence electrons, and ionic properties of the elements are determined by the electron configuration.
To determine the properties of an element, it is necessary to arrange the electrons of that element. And to arrange the electrons, you must know the number of electrons in that element.
To know the number of electrons, you need to know the atomic number of that element. We know that an equal number of protons of atomic number are located in the nucleus of the element and electrons equal to protons are in orbit outside the nucleus.
Atomic number (Z) = Number of electrons
We already know that the atomic number of thorium is 90. That is, there are ninety electrons in the atom of the thorium element. So, it is possible to determine the properties of thorium from the electron configuration.
Now, the electron configuration of thorium shows that the last shell of thorium has two electrons and the 6d-orbital has a total of two electrons. Therefore, the valence electrons of thorium are four. To know these properties of thorium one must know the number of electrons and protons of thorium.
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